What is the term for the movement of water through the soil to form a pool on the surface?

The term that describes the movement of water through the soil to form a pool on the surface is "seepage." Seepage occurs when water moves slowly through the soil and emerges at the surface, creating pools or influencing the moisture levels in that area. This process is generally caused by the saturation of soil where it can no longer absorb more water, leading to the excess pooling on the surface.

In contrast, percolation refers to the downward movement of water through soil and rock, where it filters downwards, often reaching groundwater aquifers rather than pooling. Evaporation describes the process of water transforming from liquid to vapor, which is not related to the physical movement of water through soil. Infiltration refers specifically to the entry of water into the soil surface, rather than the subsequent pooling that would happen as a result of that infiltration. Understanding these terms helps clarify the distinct processes involved in the movement and transformation of water in the environment.